In 2010, Mexico celebrated its bicentennial of the freedom of Spanish rule and the Grito de Dolores was heard throughout the country. Read ...
In 2010, Mexico celebrated its bicentennial of the freedom of Spanish rule and the Grito de Dolores was heard throughout the country. Read this article to discover why the War of Independence was necessary and how it developed.
The War of Independence between Mexico and Spain began on September 16, 1810 and ended 11 years later in 1821.
The Spaniards first arrived in Mexico in 1517, when a group of explorers traveled to America in search of land and gold. In 1519, Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conqueror, arrived in Mexico with his supporters and defeated the Aztec Empire, and from this point onwards the Crown of Castile controlled the majority of Mexico. As a result, it was renamed ‘New Spain’, demonstrating that Mexico belonged to the Spaniards and was completely under his command. This new reign meant that the Mexican natives were left without a sense of freedom or power, and were exploited by the & # 39; parcels & # 39; (those with control over the land) forcing them to work for nothing.
The arrival of the Spaniards also brought diseases to the country, causing the death of a large number of Mexicans between 1519 and 1605. Working conditions resulted in many deaths and the natives were considered unhappy: many died in the mines and, in total, 95% were killed due to illness and overwork (Green, 2005: 6). The consequent reduction of the population in Mexico led the Spaniards to force African Americans to become slaves instead of Mexicans.
In addition, the Spanish forced Mexican women to have sex, which resulted in the birth of the mestizos: children with a Spanish father and a Mexican mother. MartÃn Cortés, son of Hernán Cortés and Doña Marina, was the first mestizo and the first soldier to rebel against the Spanish government in resistance to mestizos & # 39; treatment. Many of the injustices in Mexico existed due to social status. The Spaniards were the most superior, then came the Creoles (those who were born in Mexico but of Spanish parents), then the mestizos, followed by the native Mexicans: the indigenous population and finally the African Americans. The natives, in the hierarchical order, were the worst treated and, therefore, craved for national independence.
After three hundred years of suffering, the Mexicans decided to fight to free themselves from Spanish rule. It all started when Hidalgo, a Catholic priest of Dolores in Mexico, summoned his followers by saying ‘Mexicans, long live Mexico!’ (Mexicans, viva Mexico), and this saying is now known as & # 39; the Scream of Dolores & # 39; (The Scream of Dolores) (Kartha, 2010: Buzzle.com). Hidalgo and his followers captured one of the mines led by the Spaniards and continued to fight against the intruders for many years, finally achieving control of most of Mexico but, due to the strength of the Spanish army, they were unable to defeat them.
Higalgo was murdered on July 30, 1811 but, despite this, the Mexicans did not lose hope. José MarÃa Morelos, another Catholic priest, took over and captured Oaxaca and Acapulco, two important cities in Mexico. He was also killed by the Spaniards on December 22, 1815. Both Hidalgo and Morelos are considered heroes in Mexico for their efforts during the War of Independence.
Two revolutionaries, Vincent Guerrero and Guadalpe Victoria, undertook the struggle for freedom. In 1820, the viceroy of New Spain, Juan Ruiz de Apodaca, forced the Creole AgustÃn de Iturbide to overthrow Guerrero and Guadalpe. When Ferdinand VII (the King of Spain) finally decided to accept a liberal monarchy, Iturbide feared it would be worse for the Creoles and supported the struggle for independence. He believed that if they could do it, the Creoles would control Mexico. He came up with the & # 39; Iguala Plan & # 39; which affirmed that when Mexico achieved independence, it would be a Catholic country and that the Creoles would have the same power as the Spaniards.
Juan Ruiz de Apodaca knew that the followers of Guerrero and Guadalpe would support Iturbide and resigned his position as viceroy. In September 1821, the independent government of Mexico was established, led by Iturbide, which crowned itself as “Emperor of Mexico.” (Kartha, 2010: Buzzle.com). But it was not long before the Mexicans overthrew Iturbide and Guadalpe Victoria took power. In 1823, Spain once again tried to take control of Mexico, but when Ferdinand VII died in 1836, it was decided that Mexico would be independent indefinitely.
Although it took eleven years and caused the loss of many lives, the Mexicans continued their long and bloody battle to recover what had once been theirs by birthright. September 16 is an important date in Mexico and very celebrated because it was on this day that Hidalgo summoned his supporters and began the War of Independence. Every year, at midnight on September 15, Mexicans shout the “ Grito de Dolores ”. in honor of the people who fought for freedom in their country.
This article was researched and written by Vanessa Alexander and Charlotte Alexander.
Bibliography:
-Green, D. Faces of Latin America. (2005) Latin American Office.
-Bingham, J and Chandler, F and Taplin, S. (2000) The Usborne Encyclopedia of World History. London: Usborne Publishing Ltd.
-Kartha, D. & # 39; Mexican War of Independence & # 39;. (2009)
-The history of Mexican independence & # 39;. (April 2009)
-Palfrey, D. & # 39; The Spanish conquest 1519-1521 & # 39;. (August 29, 2007)
-Mckeehan, W. & # 39; Mexican independence & # 39;. (2009)
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